Starting the process can feel overwhelming, but a clear plan makes it manageable. You will set a budget, check credit, and estimate down payment plus closing costs. Know the numbers. Closing costs often range 2%–6% of the loan. Down payment options vary by program: conventional as low as 3%, FHA 3.5%, and VA or USDA 0% when eligible. Get preapproved by lenders within a 30-day window so multiple pulls usually count as one inquiry. Most buyers choose a 30-year fixed mortgage, while 15-year loans lower rates but raise monthly payments. Work with an agent, compare lenders, and plan inspections, appraisal, insurance, and funds needed at closing. For extra practical tips and state-specific resources, see this first-time buyer guide.
Key Takeaways
- Set a realistic budget and save for down payment plus 2%–6% in closing costs.
- Check credit and shop lenders for preapproval within a 30-day window.
- Compare loan programs—conventional, FHA, VA, USDA—based on eligibility.
- Plan inspections and appraisal early to protect your purchase.
- Arrange homeowners insurance before closing and consider umbrella coverage.
Set your budget and timeline for buying your first home
Start by mapping income, monthly bills, and existing debts into a clear budget before you search for properties.
Calculate an affordable price range
Convert paychecks and recurring expenses into a monthly snapshot. Use a conservative debt-to-income rule so the future mortgage payment fits your life.
Include taxes, insurance, utilities, and HOA dues when you model total costs for a realistic price target.
Plan for upfront costs
Translate a target price into a down payment plan: conventional loans can start around 3%, FHA 3.5%, and VA/USDA may offer 0% if eligible.
Expect closing costs of 2%–6% of the loan (for example, $7,700–$23,100 on a $385,000 loan) and local moving costs often near $2,600.
Build savings and explore assistance
Automate transfers into a high-yield account and add extra contributions when debts shrink or income rises.
Look into grants, deferred or low-interest assistance loans, and mortgage credit certificates. For a practical checklist, see this first-time buyer guide.
Strengthen your credit profile before you apply for a mortgage
Take time now to inspect credit reports from all three bureaus so lenders see the best version of your profile. Get free reports from Experian, Equifax, and TransUnion and review them for incorrect late payments, balances, or limits.
Dispute inaccuracies early. File disputes for errors and allow weeks for corrections before submitting any loan paperwork. Set payment reminders or automatic payments so bills post on time.
Check reports, fix errors, and adopt strong habits
Keep utilization low. Pay down revolving balances and consider extra mid‑cycle payments so statements report lower amounts.
Avoid new accounts and know score thresholds
Keep old accounts open to preserve history and avoid new credit that triggers hard inquiries. Conventional loans often look for scores of 620+, while FHA options may be available around 580+. Make sure you bunch preapproval pulls within about 30 days so scoring models usually count them as one event.
- Track score movement weekly and allow time for updates after disputes or paydowns.
- Freeze or lock credit only after lender pulls are complete or coordinate temporary lifts.
Choose the right mortgage and lender for your needs
Choose a financing path that balances upfront costs, monthly payments, and long-term value.
Compare main loan programs. Conventional, FHA, VA, and USDA loans each fit different profiles. Conventional may require as little as 3% down but needs PMI until you reach 20% equity. FHA needs 3.5% down and often carries mortgage insurance longer. VA and USDA offer 0% down when you qualify.
Pick term and rate
Most buyers choose a 30-year fixed for steady payments. A 15-year cuts interest but raises monthly costs. If you consider an adjustable rate, stress-test future payments so surprises won’t strain your budget.
Shop lenders and understand fees
Get quotes from multiple lenders or a broker. Small rate gaps add up; Freddie Mac notes savings when you compare several offers. Read fine print on discount points and ask for a full cost breakdown: principal, interest, taxes, insurance, mortgage insurance, and escrow.
- Value: weigh total financing cost, not only the rate.
- Service: speed and communication matter in tight markets.
Get mortgage preapproval to strengthen your position with sellers
A lender’s preapproval letter is a practical signal that you’re prepared and serious when making offers. It states how much a mortgage provider will consider lending under typical terms and helps listing agents treat your bid with weight.
Apply with more than one lender within about 30 days so credit bureaus usually count the hard pulls as a single inquiry. This step protects credit while you compare offers and experience across providers.
Use preapproval to guide your search and price target
Treat the preapproval amount as a ceiling, not an invitation to stretch. Set your search price a notch below the maximum so you leave room for taxes, insurance, repairs, and competitive bidding.
- Gather W‑2s, recent pay stubs, and bank statements so lenders can verify income and issue a strong preapproval.
- Submit applications to at least two lenders within a short window and request a loan estimate from each to compare rate, APR, and cash to close.
- Share the letter with your real estate agent so showings and offers match your budget and timing.
- Keep finances stable until closing—avoid new debt or large purchases that could change your payment and credit profile.
For details on getting prequalified or preapproved, see getting pre-qualified or pre-approved.
How to buy your first home: searching, touring, and making offers
Define what matters most—commute, schools, layout—and let that guide which listings you review. Keep a concise wish list and pair it with realistic budget limits so searches stay focused.
Define priorities and realities
List must-haves versus nice-to-haves by location, property type, and condition. Match that list against local inventory so you know when a trade-off is sensible.
Tour efficiently with an agent
Work with a real estate agent or estate agent who knows the area and recent comps. Plan back-to-back showings and note lighting, storage, systems, and wear for each house.
Craft competitive offers while staying within budget
Let your agent recommend an offer strategy that fits price limits and market pace. In hot markets, target listings slightly below your ceiling so you can increase an offer or improve terms without overreaching.
- Prepare proof of funds and clear dates so your agent can submit a clean offer quickly.
- Calibrate earnest money and inspection windows to appeal to the seller while protecting your interests.
Home inspection, appraisal, and negotiating with the seller
Book an inspector quickly after your offer is accepted so findings can guide negotiations and the loan timeline.
Schedule a thorough inspection and know what it does—and doesn’t—cover
Book a qualified inspector promptly and attend the visit if you can. Being there lets you ask questions and confirm access to roof, crawl spaces, and mechanical areas.
Understand limits. Standard inspection reports may not include radon, mold, or pest testing unless you add them. Budget for those extra tests when signs suggest a need.
Understand the appraisal’s role in loan approval
The appraisal establishes market value for the lender and protects against lending above the property's worth.
If the appraisal comes in low, discuss options with your lender and real estate agent: negotiate price, add more down payment, or provide comps to contest the value.
Negotiate repairs, credits, price, and seller‑paid costs
Use the inspection report to prioritize safety, structural, and major system issues over cosmetic fixes when you request repairs or credits.
Ask the seller for repairs, a price reduction, or limited seller‑paid closing costs. Keep in mind lenders may cap concessions, and sellers often set firm limits.
"Tie every agreement to a clear timeline and written addendum so nothing is left to chance before final loan approval and closing."
- Consider credits at closing if timing is tight—credits can speed closing while you get bids after possession.
- Work with your estate agent or real estate agent to craft an offer addendum that reflects local market strength and lender rules.
- Document agreed repairs and dates so payments and work are clear before the scheduled closing.
For more detail on inspections and appraisals, see this inspection and appraisal guide.
Closing day logistics and homeowners insurance
Plan the final steps early so closing day goes smoothly and nothing is left unfinished.
Review the Closing Disclosure at least three business days before signing. This document lists loan terms, interest rate, monthly payment, and total fees. Read every line so you spot differences in mortgage insurance, escrow setup, or cash needed at closing.
Review your closing disclosure, fees, and timing requirements
Confirm wire instructions directly with the lender or title company and note cutoff times. Verify proof of funds and that any final verifications are cleared before your appointment.
Secure adequate homeowners insurance (and consider umbrella coverage)
Provide insurance proof before closing. Set coverage to full reconstruction cost, not just the purchase price. Match the policy start date to the possession date.
Consider an umbrella policy if you have growing assets; it extends liability beyond standard limits and protects future payments against large claims.
- Confirm endorsements or riders for your property type.
- Schedule the final walkthrough with your agent and check agreed repairs.
- Bring ID and required documents to the signing.
| Item | Why it matters | When to confirm |
| Closing Disclosure | Verifies loan terms and cash to close | 3 business days before closing |
| Wire instructions | Prevents fraud and late funds | At least 1 day before closing |
| Homeowners insurance | Required by lender; rebuild coverage | Before funding |
| Final walkthrough | Verify repairs and property condition | Same day or 24 hours prior |
Conclusion
Finish strong by verifying inspection items, insurance coverage, and lender timelines. Confirm funds for closing and keep money reserved for early repairs so the purchase proceeds without surprise expenses.
Use this guide as a checklist for the remaining process. Stay in close contact with your agent and lender, compare loans and insurance, and let inspection findings shape final negotiations.
Revisit your short list of properties objectively. Weigh area, value, and long‑term needs before submitting an offer. After closing, schedule repair follow‑ups and review your insurance annually as you settle into the house.
