You’ll learn a clear, practical path to trade by reacting to price instead of guessing. This method uses simple rules, position sizing, and cross-asset diversification to capture sustained moves in futures, currencies, bonds, and commodities. Core systems—channel breakouts and moving averages—show strong returns in backtests but can bring sizable drawdowns. Practitioners like Michael Covel, Curtis Faith, and Ed Seykota stress discipline, simplicity, and mental resilience. You’ll get step-by-step rules, risk controls, and a checklist to build repeatable models. The 200-day moving average appears as a common defensive filter, highlighted by voices such as Paul Tudor Jones.
Key Takeaways
- You react to price with objective rules to join large moves.
- Six time-tested systems capture the core of sustained moves.
- Strong returns often come with deep drawdowns; risk rules matter.
- Diversifying across futures and currencies can smooth returns.
- Discipline, simple rules, and realistic expectations keep you in the game.
What you’ll learn in this Ultimate Guide to trend following
This guide gives you a practical roadmap to build rules that find direction and act on persistent moves. You will learn clear signals, easy-to-test rules, and how to fit the work into your schedule.
Who this guide is for and how to use it
If you are a systematic trader, a discretionary trader who wants structure, or a long-term investor seeking uncorrelated returns, this guide helps. Skim the outcomes, then work through each section in order to assemble a rules-based framework you can backtest and forward test.
Your learning outcomes at a glance
- Clear definitions and an example signal set (Donchian 20-day, ATR/Bollinger, MA crossovers).
- How to evaluate data-driven edges with backtests and convert them into daily trading habits.
- Practical workflows for spotting signals, placing orders, and managing position size by volatility and account size.
- Which markets—commodities and FX—often show cleaner trend behavior and how that shapes allocation.
| Market | Typical trend strength | Common signal example | Best use case |
| Commodities | High | Donchian 20-day breakout | Directional, medium-term trades |
| FX | High | MA crossovers with ATR filter | Position trading across sessions |
| Equities / ETFs | Moderate | Bollinger/ATR channel entries | Long-term allocation, risk control |
Trend following, defined: a reactive, rules-based approach
A reactive, rules-based method compares current price levels to past readings and acts only when your criteria trigger. This approach removes forecasting and replaces guesswork with repeatable comparisons.
"A trend is a comparison of current and historical readings; there is no 'the trend,' only trends defined by your method."
—Ed Seykota
You’ll define trend following as rules that respond to price, avoiding narratives that rarely translate into repeatable profits. Michael Covel stresses process over prediction; over many trades, average profit per trade often exceeds average loss for disciplined traders.
- Use simple tests: close vs. a moving average or recent high/low to make binary decisions.
- Let objective data cut emotional action during volatility so you trade the plan, not headlines.
- Choose instruments and timeframes that fit your schedule so rules can be executed consistently.
Your edge comes from consistency, not prophecy. Keep rules simple, test them across regimes, and treat every signal as an experiment in disciplined action within the market.
Trend following strategies explained
Your aim is steady participation in extended moves, not perfect timing at reversals.
Capture the meat of a move by accepting late entries and lagging exits. That mindset reduces churn and keeps you in sizable gains when markets trend. Simple rule sets, like a Dual Moving Average, often outperform hyper-optimized systems in real-world trading.
The core idea: capture the “meat” of the move, not tops or bottoms
You will trade to join sustained swings and tolerate small losses along the way. The goal is consistent participation, not perfection at turning points.
Simplicity over complexity: why robust beats optimized
- Durability: Fewer parameters survive regime shifts better than finely tuned models.
- Psychology: Simple rules cut second-guessing and improve execution.
- Example: Breakout and MA crossover sets with a long-term filter work across many markets.
"Keep rules simple and test changes with clear, measurable improvements."
How to identify and quantify a trend with price data
You can quantify a market move by translating price action into crisp, testable rules. Start with a simple regime filter and then add objective entry triggers. This keeps your decisions repeatable and measurable.
Moving averages and the 200-day as a defensive filter
Define regime with a long moving average: price above the 200-day average signals an up regime; below signals a down regime.
Why use the 200-day? Many managers treat it as a defense-first filter to avoid major drawdowns and long market stress.
Donchian highs/lows, trendlines, and breakout logic
Set Donchian channels using recent periods (a common choice is 20 days). A breakout above the high is an objective entry; a break below the low is a short signal.
Use trendlines with at least three touches to confirm structure. Pattern breakouts—flags or rectangles—signal continuation when price clears the boundary.
- Combine tools: long average for regime, Donchian for entries, trendlines for timing.
- Compare periods: shorter averages give more signals but more noise; longer averages cut whipsaws.
- Automate alerts: set price-cross notifications so you can act without constant screen time.
"Price above a long-term average simplifies regime choice; the rest is signal timing."
Core trend-following strategies you can apply today
Use a handful of time-tested methods to turn raw price moves into clear, executable rules you can test this week. Below are concise, implementable systems with exact parameters so you can code and compare performance quickly.
ATR Channel Breakout
Rule: Build a channel using 7 ATR above and 3 ATR below a 350-day moving average. Enter after a close outside the band and exit near the 350-day average.
Bollinger Channel Breakout
Rule: Use a 2.5 standard-deviation Bollinger band around a 350-day baseline. Enter on closes beyond the band and exit at the average. The indicator flags statistically large moves.
Donchian Trend and Time Exit
Donchian Trend: Require a 25-day EMA above the 350-day MA. Enter on 20-day breakouts with a 2 ATR stop.
Donchian + Time Exit: Replace the stop with an 80-day time exit to test how time-based exits change drawdowns and expectancy.
Dual and Triple moving averages
Dual: 100/350 cross, always-in for a simple, durable strategy.
Triple: 150/250 cross gated by the 350-day filter to limit trades to aligned regimes.
"Enter on the next open after a valid close to keep execution unambiguous."
- Each system excels in different regimes: volatility channels in quiet markets, Donchian in expansions, averages for broad regime capture.
- Stress-test periods and keep order logic explicit for cleaner trading signals.
Performance and drawdowns: what the data says now
Backtests can show eye-popping growth, but the drawdown path defines what you actually endure. You need to judge systems by both annualized returns and the depth of losses you must survive to realize those gains.
Backtest highlights: CAGR vs. max drawdown trade-offs
From 1996–2006, diversified futures with 0.5% risk per trade produced varied outcomes. Some systems posted very high CAGR while suffering deep drawdowns.
| System | CAGR | Max drawdown |
| ATR CBO | 49.5% | 39.9% |
| Bollinger CBO | 51.8% | 34.1% |
| Donchian Trend | 29.4% | 36.7% |
| Donchian Time | 57.2% | 43.6% |
| Dual MA | 57.8% | 31.8% |
| Triple MA | 48.1% | 31.3% |
Low win rates, big winners: the math behind expectancy
Win rate alone is misleading. Only Bollinger CBO and Donchian Time exceeded a 50% win ratio. Dual MA won about 39% of trades.
You should focus on payoff distribution: large winners can offset many small losses and lift performance. That is the core of why low win-rate systems remain viable for many traders.
"Measure systems by payoff, drawdown tolerance, and how the equity curve fits your capital plan."
- Note: These tests used diversified futures; the S&P 500 index and single-stock behavior were not included.
- Set practical drawdown budgets and review performance across periods before you deploy real capital.
Risk management and position sizing that keep you in the game
Protecting capital is the single habit that lets you stay in the game when markets turn against you. Size positions so each trade has a known dollar risk tied to account equity and a volatility measure.
Position size from volatility and account equity
You’ll set a fixed percent risk per trade (Curtis Faith used 0.5% as a reference). Combine that percent with an ATR-based stop to convert risk into contract size.
This normalizes entries across instruments so a swing in one market doesn’t overload your money exposure in another.
Why over-leverage ruins good models
Over-leverage magnifies drawdowns, forces early exits, and often leads to margin calls or abandonment of rules. Keep cumulative exposure within a predefined portfolio heat limit.
- Fix a percent risk per trade so one loss can't wreck your plan.
- Use volatility (ATR) to scale positions across markets.
- Cap correlated positions and set hard risk budgets for the day and week.
- Predefine adverse actions (exits, de-risking) to avoid improvising under stress.
"Design risk so the plan survives losing streaks and profits can compound."
Exits that protect gains and cut losses
Your edge depends as much on how you leave a trade as how you enter it. Good exit rules define loss limits and give winners room to grow. That balance keeps your account intact through rough patches.
Time-based exits vs. stops vs. moving average crosses
Compare three clear choices: an 80-day time exit, ATR stops, and long moving average crossovers. The Donchian Time Exit (80 days) showed strong CAGR without stops, but it will give back some open profits.
Wide 2 ATR stops tolerate volatility and reduce premature exits. Exits at a 200-day or 350-day moving average help you sidestep major regime shifts and limit deep drawdowns.
Letting profits run while managing volatility
Cut losses quickly and let winners expand. Use trailing rules so winners keep moving while risk is defined. Reduce size as volatility rises and document re-entry rules after exits.
- Define exit rules in concrete steps to remove doubt in fast markets.
- Test how each exit changes win rate, duration, and payoff ratio.
- Align exits with your psychology so you can hold through pullbacks.
"Cut losses, protect gains, and give big winners room to breathe."
Markets that trend: commodities, FX, and beyond
Commodities and major currencies often produce sustained moves driven by supply shocks and macro cycles. These forces create clear directional impulses that you can capture with rules designed for momentum.
Why futures on commodities and currencies often trend better than indices
Research and Curtis Faith’s backtests used diversified futures—crude oil, gold, copper, ags, and currencies—and deliberately excluded the s&p 500. That sample shows stronger trend persistence in these markets.
Supply-demand shocks, seasonality, and macro policy produce longer moves in commodities and FX. You can use looser filters for those markets and tighter filters for choppier ones.
Single stocks vs. S&P 500: trend behavior differences
Single stocks often display idiosyncratic momentum and can trend for longer due to company-level catalysts. By contrast, an index may mean-revert at shorter horizons and need different entry and exit parameters.
- Practical note: check liquidity, contract rolls, and correlation to avoid hidden exposure.
- If you lack futures access: consider ETF or CFD proxies while keeping rules consistent across vehicles.
Tools and indicators that reinforce your edge
Well-chosen tools turn price into consistent, testable signals you can trust across markets.
Moving average channels and trendline bounces
Apply two moving averages to highs and lows to build a channel that frames pullbacks.
You’ll use that channel to spot lower-risk entries on bounces and to define where a move remains valid.
Trendline bounces time entries better than chasing breakouts and improve your reward-to-risk.
Pivot point retests as filters
Use the central pivot (prior day average price) to confirm direction.
Consecutive higher or lower pivots signal a directional market. Enter on retests that reject the pivot in line with the move.
Stochastic “riding” for momentum confirmation
Reinterpret the Stochastic as a momentum rider: sustained readings above 80 in up moves (below 20 in down moves) validate persistence.
Combine this with the channel and pivot analysis so each indicator adds unique information.
- Standardize thresholds and write clear invalidation rules.
- Test stacks across an index and commodity sample to avoid overfitting.
- Log every indicator-based entry and exit to measure contribution.
The psychology of following trends to the end
Sticking with rules through long, noisy stretches is what separates durable systems from hopeful guesses. As a trend followers, you must accept whipsaws, long drawdowns, and low win rates as part of the plan.
Historical followers like John W. Henry and Bill Dunn lived through severe stretches before their methods proved out. Their experience shows the need for emotional control over short-term outcomes.
You’ll set realistic expectations about losing streaks, boredom, and price noise. Build simple mental models that make execution the goal, not daily profit.
- Use checklists, journaling, and pre-commitments to limit impulse trades.
- Normalize risk so losses remain within your plan and don’t trigger panic.
- Plan decompression routines so one bad day does not derail the next.
Accept that trends can keep extending beyond what seems logical. Exiting too early often costs more than patience. Align your time horizon with your rules and define personal red flags like revenge trades.
"Focus on execution quality and process wins; compound them over time."
Build your trend-following system step by step
Start with a concise market universe and clean data. Define which markets you can trade—diversified futures, ETFs, or FX—and confirm historical price integrity and liquidity for each symbol.
Define your markets and data
List instruments that match your account size and session hours. Verify contract rolls, spreads, and data continuity so tests reflect live fills.
Set entry rules, exits, and risk per trade
Write unambiguous signals: specify periods, thresholds, and confirmations (for example, Donchian 20-day breakout or a moving average crossover).
Choose an exit style you can execute: time-based, ATR stop, or MA regime exit.
Fix a risk per trade (0.5% is a reference) and convert that into position size using ATR or volatility.
Backtest, forward test, then systematize
Backtest across regimes and log drawdown, average duration, and worst-case loss strings. Forward test with small size to validate execution.
Document every rule in a concise spec, build checklists, and automate alerts and order templates. Set a review cadence and clear criteria before changing rules.
"Code, test, and document so your trading strategy survives live markets."
Common pitfalls and how you avoid them
Common errors among traders arise when systems are overfit to past noise instead of future market behavior.
Keep rules simple. Over-optimizing parameters often breaks performance out of sample. Favor broad settings and test across many instruments.
Control leverage and per-trade risk. Enforce portfolio heat limits so one market move cannot wipe out gains. That discipline keeps you trading through stress.
- You’ll avoid over-optimizing by choosing generalizable rules instead of curve-fitted tweaks.
- You’ll sidestep over-leverage with fixed risk caps and clear portfolio limits.
- You’ll prevent rule abandonment with pre-committed drawdown plans and process metrics.
- You’ll resist prediction traps by making each decision an objective action, not an opinion.
Adapt to choppy markets by using regime filters such as long averages. Time exits or wide ATR stops are a useful example when volatility spikes.
"Stay committed to a tested approach and evaluate performance over full cycles."
| Pitfall | Impact | Fix |
| Over-optimization | Poor live performance | Use simple, robust rules |
| Over-leverage | Large drawdowns | Apply heat limits and size caps |
| Abandoning rules | Lost edge | Predefine drawdown actions |
At the end, document changes and let your tested plan prove itself before you alter it. That is how a trend follower and other followers survive tough stretches.
Conclusion
The practical next step is simple: pick a small set of markets, code a clear rule, and size positions so a single loss cannot harm your money plan.
You’ll use moving averages, breakouts, pivots, and time exits as core indicators. Keep signals unambiguous so each trade is an action, not a guess. Track exits, watch volatility, and log every position to learn fast.
Trend following remains viable across commodities, FX, and even some indices like the s&p 500 when you respect drawdowns and align risk to your goals. Performance comes from disciplined execution, not prediction.
Commit to testing, document rule changes, and let consistent process let winners compound. As a trader, your job is to follow rules, protect money, and let prices do the heavy lifting.
